The Novel The Zookeeper s Wife - 2010 Words

The novel The Zookeeper’s Wife begins with readers understanding the lives of the main characters, Jan, Antonina and their son RyÅ›. In early September 1939 the Nazis horribly destroyed the routine of daily life in Warsaw. The city was physically ruined, including many of the zoo’s buildings, shelters, and cages. Many of the innocent animals died in the bombings and the Nazi soldiers savagely murdered those who survived when they went on a fun killing spree. This caused the famous zoo to become a destroyed shadow of its former self. With most of the cages left abandoned, Jan and Antonina, the zookeepers of the Warsaw zoo, found it necessary to use these shelters as temporary hiding places for Jews on the run. This safe haven was provided†¦show more content†¦Through the fear and terror of the war, Antonina was able to provide some clam and peacefulness to her guests and family (Ackerman 2007). A specific incident that was truly horrific was when Nazi soldier s threaten to murder all the people living in the villa. The soldiers ordered everyone to stand and a straight line, as they pointed their guns at them. At the time, Antonia was pregnant with her second child and she could barley keep her balance. The soldiers took the Fox Man’s fifteen-year-old helper behind the shed and a shot was fired. The soldiers then came back and indicated that RyÅ› was next. RyÅ› followed the Nazi behind the shed and another shot was heard. Antonina was in complete shock as devastation overcame her. Then all of a sudden, the Nazis told the boys to come out with the dead chicken. It turns out this was a game played by the soldiers in order to frighten the family. This horrific game shows the truly evil intentions of the Nazi soldiers, and the physical and emotion torture they caused their victims (Ackerman 2007). Unfortunately in July 1942, the Nazis began liquidating the Warsaw Ghetto by shipping hundreds of thousands of Jews to the death camp Treblinka. The war raged on, but by the following June a true miracle had occurred. Antonia gave birth to her daughter Teresa, who was a blessing and ray of hope amongst so much terror, cruelty, and death. TheShow MoreRelatedJeanette Winterson Boating for Beginners3918 Words   |  16 Pagesexistence of society or history, than of heaven and hell. Therefore, modernist fiction eschews the straight chronological ordering of realistic material and the use of reliable omniscient intrusive narrator†. In her novel, Jeanette Winterson uses a â€Å"method of multiple points of view† and her novel â€Å"tends towards a fluid and complex handling of time, involving much cross-reference backwards and forwards across the chronological span of the action†. We can reinforce this idea by quoting Linda Hutcheon, whoRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesabout logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................................................

Enterprise-Wide Systems and Supply Chain Management

Module Title: Logistics Coursework title: Enterprise-wide systems and Supply Chain Management Professor: Fotis Missopoulos Student: Marigona Bajrami November 2012 Abstract Nowadays, the implementation of new technologies is considered as a need for companies in order to succeed in a high competitive business market. In this regard, the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems provide support and benefits within many business processes of companies. The implementation of ERP has been successfully adopted by numerous companies all around the world. This paper focuses on the benefits that ERP systems provide in supply chain management of companies and†¦show more content†¦There have been many studies regarding the benefits of the ERP systems. In this regard, (Hunton et al 2002) state that the ERP implementation enhances value to organizations. In the same line, (Poston and Garbksi 2000) explored a number of organizations implementing the ERP systems where as a result they found a decrease in employees’ ratio and cost of goods transferred in revenues. Regarding, the ERP systems, one of the most important studies has been emphasized by O’Leary (2000) which categorizes the benefits of ERP systems into two categories, respectfully tangible and intangible benefits. Therefore, some of the tangible benefits of ERP systems relies in reduction of inventory, reduction of procurement costs, reduction of maintenance, reduction on transportation costs, production improvement etc. In the same line (Schalk 1999) argues that through ERP systems negotiation between organizations and suppliers is easier therefore there is a reduction in the cost of raw materials. Thus, more savings lead to greater benefits for the organizations. On the other hand, some of the intangible benefits consist in standardization, integration, business performance, globalization, control accuracy, supply chain, customer responsiveness etc. Furthermore, the ERP systems provide visibility of orders which helps organizations to manage their working capital requirements and to operate in a proactive manner according to their strategy.Show MoreRelatedProject Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesREPORT ON ERP SYSTEMS AND THEIR ROLE IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY: SHAKEEL M KHAN (1336) SUBMITTED TO: SIR SOHAIL MAJEED CONTENTS OVERVIEW ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERPS) 3 IMPLEMENTATION OF ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP) 4 -5 21ST-CENTURY SUPPLY CHAINS 6 DEFINING ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 8 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING EVOLUTION 9 TYPES OF FLOWS IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 10 CHARACTERISTICSRead MoreImplementing An Enterprise Resource Planning System1474 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s owners and management teams are faced with making tough decisions about how to manage operations in their organization. They need to be innovative to help reduce internal costs, improve processes, and increase efficiency across the organization (SelectHub, 2015). Thus, implementing an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system can provide many benefits to an organization. The benefits of using an enterprise system offer particular benefits, such as the support of teamwork, an improved responseRead MoreDiscussion About The Supply Chain Integration1514 Words   |  7 PagesAbout the Supply Chain Integration Introduction The supply chain indicates the supply and demand network made up of the raw materials suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, and the ultimate consumers (ARNDT, 2004). The supply chain management is the vital concept in the modern management. In the supply chain management, the supply chain integration is just an important management model. The supply chain integration just realizes higher value and competitive advantages of the whole supply chain throughRead MoreSupply Chain Management Of Supply Chains1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe supply chain, not just a simple competition between enterprises. In order to win the competition in the supply chain, which means it must be through the management of the supply chain. Currently supply chains become more integrated, more global, the high-speed development of information technology has become an important driving force. In this report will explore the development of supply chain management technologies and important role. Supply chain and technologies role Supply chain is theRead MoreKudler Fine Foods/ Supply Chain Management1241 Words   |  5 PagesFOODS / SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Kudler Fine Foods / Supply Chain Management Larry Don Franklin University of Phoenix Kudler Fine Foods / Supply Chain Management Kudler fine food’s supply chain forms the center of its business processes beginning with its purchasing department followed by advertising, accounting, inventory management, forecasting, and merchandising selection and pricing. Its business processes could be enhanced by taking advantage of IT systems like Enterprise ResourceRead MoreAlcan Application Management: Case Analysis1487 Words   |  6 Pagescontinues to excel at the expense of corporate-wide information management and economies of scale on contracts. An example of just how expensive this is becoming for Alcan is seen in the nearly $100M they pay to SAP in maintenance fees alone every year. This is calculated from a conservative figure of 20% maintenance fees per year on the $500M Alcan spends annually on enterprise software. Maintenance fees of 20% or more are commonplace in enterprise software today (Bock, Flores, Latumahina, ChengRead MoreThe Ministry Of National Defense1412 Words   |  6 Pagesoperates a wor ldwide supply system, with the vast majority of the items being managed by the Korean Defense Logistics Agency (KDLA). The KDLA is a logistics combat support organization whose mission is to provide the best value logistics and contract management support to America s Armed Forces around the world during both times of peace and times of war. The KDLA had the third largest storage capacity of the top 15 distribution warehouses and was a leader in MND s efforts to supply the military servicesRead MoreFacing The Changing Of Enterprise External Environment1319 Words   |  6 PagesFacing the changing of enterprise external environment, it asks for managers should stand at the height of strategic management to makes an overall plan for the development of the enterprise. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has great advantages in the link of enterprise strategy and performance management. It covers strategic areas, and includes human resource management. However, it has many shortages and theor etical defect. Recent research (Rui Z and Ming J, 2001) argued that most research on performanceRead MoreInventory Management Systems and Their Descriptions1140 Words   |  5 Pagesof each inventory system An inventory control system is important for any business in ensuring quality control of consumer goods and as such, a good inventory system is essential. There are numerous inventory management systems, and examples include Systems Application Programming (SAP) System and JD Edwards inventory systems. SAP is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system that facilitates how businesses run their supply chains. SAP provides businesses and their supply network a quick accessRead MoreTypes Of Inventory Management System Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pages.1 Types of inventory management system 4.11Transit inventory Transit inventories result from the need to transport materials from one location to another. Merchandise shipped by truck or rail can sometimes take days or even months to go from a regional warehouse to a retail facility. Some big firm like supermarket uses this type of inventory. 4.12 Manufacturing inventory: Raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods Raw materials include goods in the form acquired from suppliers. For Example

The Need of Storing Data

Question: How to identify the need of storing data and analyzing the same to gain business insights for operational decision making for an organization? Answer: This report identifies the need of storing data and analyzing the same to gain business insights for operational decision making for an organization that currently runs manual processes and does not maintain operational data records. The report is prepared after studying the business model of a manufacturer of sugar and related products called Zucchero Pty. Ltd. The report would analyze operations of the business to identify scope for improvement of its operational productivity. Excel has been used for modeling the data obtained from the company operations so as to develop insights that can be used by the organization for decision making. The idea is to illustrate the importance of using Business Intelligence in the business to achieve results. Introduction Zucchero Pty. Ltd., a company founded by Luigi Dolce in 1959 in Grafton was a sugar mill refinery that generated its products from sugar cane produced by local farmers. In the following years, the company turned into a multi-million-dollar organization and penetrated Australian market with its exports. Today, the company has a large range of sugar products including raw, white, brown, icing sugar and so on. The company however faces issues in handling its operations as most of its processes are manual and operational data such as sales trends, distribution information, promotion details, etc. are not documented making it difficult for the General Manager, Franka Spencer to analysis business performance and make appropriate decisions that can help the organization improve its operational processes. Contemporary issues in technology business In the face of changing technologies and modernizing businesses, companies face some contemporary challenges when adopting technology such as development of communication capabilities and ability to train the staff on the use of technology. As technology has to be learnt, companies used to manual processes may face huge resistance from employee who may be unwilling to adopt to the new technbolo0gy as this would demand hard work through learning. Another contemporary challenges that company can face with the use of technology is that they must know how to actual use the data obtained with the use of technolo9gy to develop right insights and not take decisions without proper analysis w3hich can both be time consuming and complicated to understand(Vaughan, 2000). Certain business issues that are specifically faced by the organizations while amalgamation technology with their systems are concerns of business ethics, reputation management., and an understanding of practical implications of using technology on business operations. Knowledge management BI Knowledge management drives innovation which is why most modern organizations re adopting it. The consequence of not having a proper knowledge management in place can leads to failures in big projects generating a vast pool of knowledge and data. Knowledge management practice simplifies the presentation of data in a way such that the company is able to achieve its business objectives through the use of the knowledge. Some of the benefits that company can achieve with this include minimization of mistakes and improvement in the service qualityInvalid source specified.. Knowledge Management generates intellectual capital for an organization and the value is realized with ability to share the information with employees, partners and customers. This knowledge is stored in databases of an organization which can be connected to a platform that can be assessed by these stakeholders to obtain knowledge about products, processes and so on. Knowledge has to be gathered organized and presented in such a manner that it is understandable to employees such that they can take appropriate managerial decisions based on it. However, in case of Zucchero, the storage of knowledge is lacking in the systems and employees have to depend on their own memories to understand processes and figures such that they can take appropriate decisions. This can be very challenging when they have to depend on a large amount of data and have to do things manually(Jelenic, 2011). With knowledge management adopted by Zucchero Pty. Ltd., the information that about sales and other operations would get captured and the management, customers and staff of the organization would be able to make use of it through a single seamless platform. This knowledge can be used for making critical decisions for the organization. Further, use of business intelligence would allow company to make use of the collected data through the knowledge management solution to develop insights that would be useful for making decisions about operations that are critical to the organization. How this can be done is presented through an example in the next section in which a sample data of the company is taken and mathematical modeling is used to derive information that can be used by Zucchero Pty. Ltd., for making important operational decision. Here, Microsoft Excel is being used as a BI tool but there are many other tools available in market that can be used by the organization for business intelligence gathering. Forecasts Data forecasts are done using Excel as BI tool which can help managers take appropriate operational decisions for Zucchero. As the forecast data about overheads above suggest that with every subsequent year, overheads are increasing along with the per unit cost price. In such case, if the per unit selling price also increases appropriately to be able to sustain profits, the respective product categories could be considered a profitable while for those leading to losses, the managers would have to take appropriate decisions on whether to continue with the production of the category or increase selling price of the product in the market. To understand if the variations in costs and selling prices are helping products sustain profits or incur losses, the variation in volume sales may be explored as increased sales would mean balancing of costs and attaining profits while decrease in sales can lead to losses for the organization. In the current case, Icing Sugar is giving most profits with growth of 41% in one year. Other products that are helping company see growth in revenues include Raw Sugar, White Sugar, White Sugar cubes, and Golden syrup. On the other side, demand for Brown Sugar, Caster Sugar and Treacle is reducing which suggests that company should not spend much of its revenues on these products. When calculating revenues for each product categories for three subsequent years, further insights are revealed. Revenues gained from most products including Raw Sugar, White Sugar, Icing Sugar, White Sugar Cubes, and Golden syrup are on increase but revenues obtained from Brown Sugar and Teacle have significantly reduced again suggesting loss of sales. To explore if only revenues are decreasing or the trend is lower also on the side of profits, it would be appropriate to calculate net profit and net loss data which is plotted in the chart below: The Chart clearly shows rise in profits for Raw Sugar, White Sugar, Icing Sugar, and White sugar cubes but reduction of profits in case of Brown Sugar and Treacle. The net loss in case of Treacle is small but Brown sugar is showing significant losses in revenues. As the demand for brown sugar is reducing as well as it is incurring loss of revenues, the management may take a decision to stop producing brown sugar. However, the product still has a significant amount of consumers and thus, it may not be discontinued completely. However, the company can increase the price to balance the gains. Consumers who are in need of brown sugar may still make purchases at higher costs and the revenues would be improved. However, this has a risk of losing on some of the consumers who may shift to the competition selling the product at lower price. However, the figures of losses analyzed in the graph above would still justify the move. BI can also help company take decisions on marketing such that most marketing efforts are put in for products selling most in the market. Thus, a comparison of average, minimum and maximum selling products would be helpful here. It has been found from the analysis that Treacle has been providing minimum profits among all categories consistently during three years while Caster Sugar has been profiting on an average level throughout. Brown sugar sees a continuous increase in losses. The contribution of Treacle to overall sales is so less that a decision can be taken to discontinue the product altogether. Porters Five Forces Five prominent market forces are being defined by Michael porter that can affect the strategic positioning and decisions of an organization and these include bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, competitive rivalry, threat from new entrants and substitutes. For the purpose of this study, the bargaining power of suppliers would be explored in this section as they are the key to working of this organization. The decisions they take on pricing directly affect the final; pricing that the company can offer to its customers. The bargaining power of suppliers in case of sugar products is moderate as the suppliers are mainly farmers who have to sell their products to companies like Zucchero with only aim to get best pricing. They can decide on which company to sell based on the pricing they get and thus, they have some bargaining power. However, at the same time, there are limited organizations with huge requirements of sugar as raw material and those are able to pay suppliers well and thus, they have only moderate power of bargaining with these organizations. Improvement in Competitive Advantage Use of Social Media Social Media has been used by almost all organizations promoting their brand in the digital space. Social media is used to engage consumers with a brand and create awareness about it by reaching out to more and more people through the digital spread. Use of SEO makes the website of a company searchable in the online space such that people using social media can search and get to the brand when they search for a specific category sold by the company, Social media platform can build upon more traffic to this website thereby allowing people to share the pages over the media with others. Voice of consumers can spread fast over social media. Privacy Security Privacy Concerns When considering knowledge management, the data about the company and its operations including its customers is stored which may also include some personal identifiable information which if leaked can be of dangerous consequences. When the company uses a knowledge management system connected to a portal, the company has to ensure that the personal information is not revealed besides the need for login and personal exploration by the users. When the company would have the personal data of customers, besides having the threat of leakage, the company itself can misuse the data through employees. Thus, code of ethics should be followed by organization such that customers can trust them on their privacy. Data SecuritySecurity Threats The main business of Zucchero is sale of sugar products. If the company has to adopt technology for promoting their business online through establishing digital presence, the company may be faced with some data related security threats. The data about the company sales, revenues, profits, customers, sales, etc. can get leaked to the world. IF the information about the business and marketing strategies get leaked out to competitors while it is being shared online, it can lead to business losses. Thus, data systems have to be prevented from such losses and thefts thereby stopping unauthorized access. Infection through malware or other techniques used by cyber criminals can lead to disclosure of such data to public or to those who can misuse the data. Several other types of attacks have been observed to be happening on knowledge databases such as Distributed Denial of Services that can cause convenience to internal people and the customers of the organization. Most of the customers of the organization are other business customers who can get affected in turn. A prominent threat that can affect Zucchero is zero-day-attack as the company would be starting to adopt technology solutions and develop knowledge management and BI tools for fresh use. With less experience, there are chances that attackers can identify vulnerabilities and bugs to compromise network and machines of the organization. Recommendations for improving security To prevent systems from getting attacked, the company must take licenses for installation of antivirus in all connected machines. Additionally, the company must follow certain internal security policies and implement firewalls to prevent critical data from getting outside the intranet of office. A strong security architecture would further be require to prevent machines from getting affected by major attacks like Bots. Email security is another measure that company may take in order to prevent data from getting leaked or lost in the transit while employees share the same over emailInvalid source specified. Supply Chain Management System When coordinating physical logistics processes, information is generated and the same is shared with the people across supply chain to be able to coordinate physical movement of goods. When the raw materials are received, converted to final products and transferred to customers, the information flows through different departments. This information is accessed and shared by all parties into the supply chain. For instance, when a customer orders a product, the information reaches sales people who in turn transfer the same to manufacturing department who propel the same to suppliers for procurement and thereafter the actual operational processes begin. Throughout the journey of product in the system, customer would like to know when the goods are ready, when are they shipped and when they would be reaching them. All this information would be generated at each stage of the supply chain and can be made available to customers through an appropriate supply chain management system in place. A supply chain system of today is thus, more of a management of information than actual physical movement of goods. The information that is captured, generated and maintained for the use of customers, employees and management for decision making about supply chain networks can be huge and can be about shortages, plant capacity, inventory, sourcing, manufacturing, distribution plans, schedules, forecasts, shipments, deliveries, and so on. Each of this information can be used by management for taking decisions at various stages. For instance, if it is found through the information that there is a shortage of highest selling product which in this case is Raw sugar, the management would take a decision of replenishment through fresh purchases in case the demand increases. In the same way, if the company realizes that the demand for certain product is expected to be low in near future, the procurement orders may be reduced for the case. Supply chain systems are established using technology that can help organization in management of inventory, transportation, procurement, material handling, order processing, customer service, production planning, sales forecasting and so on(Zigiaris, 2000). Conclusions Recommendations This report was constructed with an aim to understand the business processes and challenges of a real organization and make recommendations on potential for improvement through the sue technology in the organization. The chosen organization was a food organization called Zucchero Pty. Ltd. that was producing sugar based products. It was found that the major challenge before the company was maintenance of the information generated in day to day operations that was maintained only manually and thus, top management could not keep track of the same. It was found that if the company had a knowledge management system along with BI capabilities in place then many of the business decisions could be simplified. The same was illustrated using an example through the use of Excel for BI. The study also suggested use of supply chain management technology for simplification of their processes and to capture information that would be used for BI for bettering supply chain capabilities of Zucchero P ty. Ltd. References Jelenic, D. (2011). THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE BALANCED SCORECARD LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE. Management Knowledge and learning International Conference (pp. 33-43). Serbia : ISSBS. Vaughan, P. J. (2000). System Implementation Success Factors; Its not just the Technology . University of Colorado. Zigiaris, S. (2000). Supply Chain: dissemination of innovation and knowledge management techniques. INNOREGIO.

Situational Leadership

Leadership Styles is a concept that has been widely studied. Various scholars at different times have tried to understand leaders and styles of leadership. The wide attention given to leaders and leadership testify to the importance of leaders in the society. Leaders are found at different areas of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They give directions to the society on various issues. Leadership is very important in organizations. Leaders within an organization are expected to offer leadership on various issues experienced in an organization. Just like there are many leaders, the styles of leadership also vary. Conventionally, leadership styles are categorized in various groups such as transformational versus translational leadership and authoritative, democratic and free reign style. Although these are the major categories of leadership, styles of leadership are known to vary from one leader to the other (Sharlow 2006, para 2). Leaders can change the way they behave, their personality and leadership style. Situational leadership style, developed by Ken Blanchard and Paul Hersey explains the ability of leaders to adapt their leadership style to different situations. Leadership style can be explained as the approach that an individual take in leading others. It involves the ways in which leaders motivate, direct and interact with their followers (Sharlow 2006, para. 3). Leadership has been considered as a major factor in the success of an organization in the recent past. Effective leadership enables an organization to meet its goals and gain competitive advantage (Hughes, Ginnett Curphy 2006, p. 81). Organizations’ environments have changed significantly in the recent past. To be effective, leaders have to be flexible to various leadership situations. They must be able to deal with their subordinates in different way s depending on situations. Effective leadership depicts the manner in which a leader is able to adjust their style of leadership depending on the people being led and the respective missions. Situational leadership proposes four styles that a leader can adopt depending on situation. These include directing, supporting, coaching and delegating (Cooley 2001, para. 3).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Situational leadership is considered to be a function of leader’s personality, group personality and situation. It is represented by the formula: L=f (LP, GP, S) (Cooley 2001, para. 2). This implies that leadership style vary with personality of the leader, personality of subordinate and the situation. Group personality and situations vary frequently. The personality of the group may vary with education, experience and other factors in subordinates. Leadership situations on the other hand vary depending on the missions and other internal and external factors. An effective leader must therefore be able to adjust to these factors by assuming the most appropriate leadership style. Leaders can be able to change their behavior. Using situational leadership style, leaders can be able to adjust their leadership style depending on leadership situations as well as nature of subordinate. The four leadership styles can be appropriate at different situations (Cooley 2001, para. 5). Ability of a leader to choose the most appropriate style for a situation determines leadership success. For instance, when dealing with inexperienced subordinate, a leader can adopt directing leadership style. Through this style, leaders provide direct instructions on what is to be done and follows it up to ensure that the instructions are adhered to. After the subordinates have gained a considerable experience, a leader can use coaching style where lever of follow up is reduced. Depend ing on the confidence of the leader on the subordinate, supporting and delegating styles can be adopted. Currently, the business environment has become very competitive. In order to survive in this environment, it is vital for firm’s management team to consider developing and sustaining their competitive advantage. Leadership is one factors affecting competitive advantage. Organizations with effective leaders are able forge their way in the competitive environment thus becoming successful. Situational leadership style is one of the most effective leadership styles in the changing business environment. By incorporating this style, a leader can be able to apply the most appropriate leadership style depending on situations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Cooley, R. 2001. Leadership in an action, not a word. Web. Hughes, R., Ginnett, R. Curphy, G., 2006, Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience. (5th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Sharlow, B. 2006. Situational Leadership. Web. This essay on Situational Leadership was written and submitted by user Cayden Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Why Induction Is Invalid

Why Induction is Invalid Induction is the process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. The â€Å"problem of induction† lies in the using of a finite number of instances and generalizing those instances to an infinite possibility of instances. Philosophers of science are constantly debating on whether the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved or if it is unsolvable. The following essay looks at one author who claims that the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. This essay will examine the article Philosophical Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science by Rudolf Carnap. The first section will reconstruct Carnap’s argument of why he believes the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved and the second section will deal with a critical analysis of his argument. The following is the reconstruction of Carnap’s argument from the essay titled in the introduction: If logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances, then the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. Logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances. Therefore, the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. In the first premise, Carnap explores the foundation of his argument. The foundation of his argument lies in using induction to derive a valid deductive argument. His reasoning behind this is due to the fact that the conclusion of an inductive argument is never certain. Even if the premises are assumed to be true and the inference is a valid inductive argument, the conclusion may be false (Carnap, p. 17-18). On the other hand, the conclusion to a valid deductive argument is always certain. In deductive logic, inference leads from a set of premises to a conclusion just as certain as the premises. If you have reason to believe the premises, you have equally valid reason to believe the conclusion that... Free Essays on Why Induction Is Invalid Free Essays on Why Induction Is Invalid Why Induction is Invalid Induction is the process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. The â€Å"problem of induction† lies in the using of a finite number of instances and generalizing those instances to an infinite possibility of instances. Philosophers of science are constantly debating on whether the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved or if it is unsolvable. The following essay looks at one author who claims that the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. This essay will examine the article Philosophical Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science by Rudolf Carnap. The first section will reconstruct Carnap’s argument of why he believes the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved and the second section will deal with a critical analysis of his argument. The following is the reconstruction of Carnap’s argument from the essay titled in the introduction: If logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances, then the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. Logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances. Therefore, the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. In the first premise, Carnap explores the foundation of his argument. The foundation of his argument lies in using induction to derive a valid deductive argument. His reasoning behind this is due to the fact that the conclusion of an inductive argument is never certain. Even if the premises are assumed to be true and the inference is a valid inductive argument, the conclusion may be false (Carnap, p. 17-18). On the other hand, the conclusion to a valid deductive argument is always certain. In deductive logic, inference leads from a set of premises to a conclusion just as certain as the premises. If you have reason to believe the premises, you have equally valid reason to believe the conclusion that...

15 Surprising Facts About Susan B. Anthony

15 Surprising Facts About Susan B. Anthony The 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote was named for Susan B. Anthony, as was a world record-holding ship. What else dont you know about this famous leader of the Suffrage movement? 1. She Was Not  at the 1848 Woman’s Rights Convention At the time of that first womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, as Elizabeth Cady Stanton later wrote in  her reminiscences  History of Woman Suffrage,  Anthony was teaching school in Canajoharie, in the Mohawk Valley. Stanton reports that Anthony, when she read of the proceedings, was â€Å"startled and amused† and â€Å"laughed heartily at the novelty and presumption of the demand.† Anthony’s sister Mary (with whom Susan lived for many years in adulthood) and their parents attended a woman’s rights meeting held at the First Unitarian Church in Rochester, where the Anthony family had begun attending services, after the Seneca Falls meeting. There, they signed a copy of the  Declaration of Sentiments  passed at Seneca Falls.  Susan was not present to attend. 2. She Was for Abolition First Susan B. Anthony was circulating anti-slavery petitions when she was 16 and 17 years old.  She worked for a while as the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Like many other women abolitionists, she began to see that in the â€Å"aristocracy of sex†¦woman finds a political master in her father, husband, brother, son† (History of Woman Suffrage). She  first met Elizabeth Cady Stanton  after Stanton had attended an anti-slavery meeting at Seneca Falls. 3. She Co-Founded the New York Women’s State Temperance Society Elizabeth Cady Stanton and  Lucretia Mott’s experience of being unable to speak at an international anti-slavery meeting led to their forming the  1848 Woman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls. When Anthony was not permitted to speak at a temperance meeting, she and Stanton formed a women’s temperance group in their state. 4. She Celebrated Her 80th Birthday at the White House By the time she was 80 years old, even though woman suffrage was far from won, Anthony was enough of a public institution that President William McKinley invited her to celebrate her birthday at the White House. 5. She Voted in the Presidential Election of 1872 Susan B. Anthony and a group of 14 other women in Rochester, New York, registered to vote at a local barber shop in 1872, part of the New Departure strategy of the woman suffrage movement. On November 5, 1872, she cast a ballot in the presidential election. On November 28, the 15 women and the registrars were arrested. Anthony contended that women already had the constitutional right to vote. The court disagreed in  United States v. Susan B. Anthony. She was fined $100 for voting and refused to pay. 6. She Was the First Real Woman Depicted on U.S. Currency While other female figures like Lady Liberty had been on the currency before, the 1979 dollar featuring Susan B. Anthony was the first time a real, historical woman appeared on any U.S. currency.  These dollars were only minted from 1979 through 1981 when production was halted because the dollars were easily confused with quarters. The coin was minted again in 1999 to meet demand from the vending machine industry. 7. She Had Little Patience for Traditional Christianity Originally a Quaker, with a maternal grandfather who had been a Universalist, Susan B. Anthony became more active with the Unitarians later. She, like many of her time, flirted with Spiritualism, a belief that spirits were part of the natural world and thus could be communicated with.  She kept her religious ideas mostly private, though she defended the publication of  The Woman’s Bible  and criticized religious institutions and teachings that portrayed women as inferior or subordinate. Claims that she was an atheist are usually based on her critique of religious institutions and religion as practiced.  She defended the right of Ernestine Rose to be president of the National Women’s Rights Convention in 1854, though many called Rose, a Jew married to a Christian, an atheist, probably accurately. Anthony said about that controversy that â€Å"every religion - or none - should have an equal right on the platform.† She also wrote, â€Å"I distrust those people who know so well what God wants them to do because I notice it always coincides with their own desires.† At another time, she wrote, â€Å"I shall earnestly and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical recognition of the old Revolutionary maxim. Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God.† Whether she was an atheist, or just believed in a different idea of God than some of her evangelical opponents, is not certain. 8. Frederick Douglass Was a Lifelong Friend Though they split over the issue of the priority of black male suffrage in the 1860s - a split which also split the feminist movement until 1890 - Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass were lifelong friends. They knew each other from early days in Rochester, where in the 1840s and 1850s, he was part of the anti-slavery circle that Susan and her family were part of. On the day Douglass died, he had sat next to Anthony on the platform of a women’s rights meeting in Washington, D.C. During the split over the 15th Amendment’s granting of suffrage rights to black males, Douglass tried to influence Anthony to support the ratification. Anthony, appalled that the Amendment would introduce the word â€Å"male† into the Constitution for the first time, disagreed. 9. Her Earliest Known Anthony Ancestor Was German Susan B. Anthony’s Anthony ancestors came to America via England in 1634. The Anthonys had been a prominent and well-educated family. The English Anthonys were descended from a William Anthony in Germany who was an engraver. He served as Chief Engraver of the Royal Mint during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. 10. Her Maternal Grandfather Fought in the American Revolution Daniel Read enlisted in the Continental Army after the battle of Lexington, served under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen among other commanders, and after the war was elected as a Whig to the Massachusetts legislature. He became a Universalist, though his wife kept praying he would return to traditional Christianity. 11. Her Position on Abortion Is Misrepresented While Anthony, like other leading women of her time, deplored abortion both as â€Å"child-murder† and as a threat to the life of women under then-current medical practice, she blamed men as responsible for women’s decisions to end their pregnancies. An often-used quote about child-murder was part of an editorial asserting that laws attempting to punish women for having abortions would be unlikely to suppress abortions, and asserting that many women seeking abortions were doing so out of desperation, not casually. She also asserted that â€Å"forced maternity† within legal marriage - because husbands were not seeing their wives as having a right to their own bodies and selves - was another outrage. 12. She May Have Had Lesbian Relationships Anthony lived at a time when the concept of â€Å"lesbian† hadn’t really surfaced. It’s hard to differentiate whether â€Å"romantic friendships† and â€Å"Boston marriages† of the time would have been considered lesbian relationships today. Anthony lived for many of her adult years with her sister Mary. Women (and men) wrote in more romantic terms of friendships than we do today, so when Susan B. Anthony, in a letter, wrote that she â€Å"shall go to Chicago and visit my new lover - dear Mrs. Gross† it’s hard to know what she really meant. Clearly, there were very strong emotional bonds between Anthony and some other women. As Lillian Falderman documents in the controversial  To Believe in Women, Anthony also wrote of her distress when fellow feminists got married to men or had children, and wrote in very flirtatious ways - including invitations to share her bed. Her niece Lucy Anthony was a life partner of suffrage leader and Methodist minister Anna Howard Shaw, so such relationships were not foreign to her experience. Faderman suggests that Susan B. Anthony may have had relationships with Anna Dickinson, Rachel Avery, and Emily Gross at different times in her life. There are photos of Emily Gross and Anthony together, and even a statue of the two created in 1896.  Unlike others in her circle, however, her relationships with women never had the permanence of a â€Å"Boston marriage.† We really can’t know for sure if the relationships were what we’d today call lesbian relationships, but we do know that the idea that Anthony was a lonely single woman is not at all the full story. She had rich friendships with her female friends. She had some real friendships with men, as well, though those letters are not so flirtatious. 13. A Ship Named for Susan B. Anthony Holds a World’s Record In 1942, a ship was named for Susan B. Anthony. Constructed in 1930 and called the  Santa Clara  until the Navy chartered it on August 7, 1942, the ship became one of very few named for a woman. It was commissioned in September and became a transport ship carrying troops and equipment for the Allied invasion of North Africa in October and November. It made three voyages from the U.S. coast to North Africa. After landing troops and equipment in Sicily in July 1943 as part of the Allied invasion of Sicily, it took heavy enemy aircraft fire and bombings and shot down two of the enemy bombers. Returning to the United States, it spent months taking troops and equipment to Europe in preparation for the invasion of Normandy. On June 7, 1944, it struck a mine off of Normandy. After failed attempts to save it, the troops and crew were evacuated and the  Susan B. Anthony  sank. As of the year 2015, this was the largest rescue on record of people from a ship without any loss of life. 14. The B Stands for Brownell Anthonys parents gave Susan the middle name Brownell.  Simeon Brownell (born 1821) was another Quaker abolitionist who supported Anthonys womens rights work, and his family may have been related to or friends with Anthonys parents. 15. The Law Giving Women the Vote Was Called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment Anthony died in 1906, so the continuing struggle to win the vote honored her memory with this name for the proposed 19th Constitutional Amendment. Sources Anderson, Bonnie S. The Rabbis Atheist Daughter: Ernestine Rose, International Feminist Pioneer. 1st Edition, Oxford University Press, January 2, 2017. Falderman, Lillian. To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America - A History. Kindle Edition, Mariner Books, Movember 1, 2017. Rhodes, Jesse. Happy Birthday, Susan B. Anthony. Smithsonian, February 15, 2011. Schiff, Stacy. Desperately Seeking Susan. The New York Times, October 13, 2006. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. History of Woman Suffrage. Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Kindle Edition, GIANLUCA, November 29, 2017.

15 Surprising Facts About Susan B. Anthony

15 Surprising Facts About Susan B. Anthony The 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote was named for Susan B. Anthony, as was a world record-holding ship. What else dont you know about this famous leader of the Suffrage movement? 1. She Was Not  at the 1848 Woman’s Rights Convention At the time of that first womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, as Elizabeth Cady Stanton later wrote in  her reminiscences  History of Woman Suffrage,  Anthony was teaching school in Canajoharie, in the Mohawk Valley. Stanton reports that Anthony, when she read of the proceedings, was â€Å"startled and amused† and â€Å"laughed heartily at the novelty and presumption of the demand.† Anthony’s sister Mary (with whom Susan lived for many years in adulthood) and their parents attended a woman’s rights meeting held at the First Unitarian Church in Rochester, where the Anthony family had begun attending services, after the Seneca Falls meeting. There, they signed a copy of the  Declaration of Sentiments  passed at Seneca Falls.  Susan was not present to attend. 2. She Was for Abolition First Susan B. Anthony was circulating anti-slavery petitions when she was 16 and 17 years old.  She worked for a while as the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Like many other women abolitionists, she began to see that in the â€Å"aristocracy of sex†¦woman finds a political master in her father, husband, brother, son† (History of Woman Suffrage). She  first met Elizabeth Cady Stanton  after Stanton had attended an anti-slavery meeting at Seneca Falls. 3. She Co-Founded the New York Women’s State Temperance Society Elizabeth Cady Stanton and  Lucretia Mott’s experience of being unable to speak at an international anti-slavery meeting led to their forming the  1848 Woman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls. When Anthony was not permitted to speak at a temperance meeting, she and Stanton formed a women’s temperance group in their state. 4. She Celebrated Her 80th Birthday at the White House By the time she was 80 years old, even though woman suffrage was far from won, Anthony was enough of a public institution that President William McKinley invited her to celebrate her birthday at the White House. 5. She Voted in the Presidential Election of 1872 Susan B. Anthony and a group of 14 other women in Rochester, New York, registered to vote at a local barber shop in 1872, part of the New Departure strategy of the woman suffrage movement. On November 5, 1872, she cast a ballot in the presidential election. On November 28, the 15 women and the registrars were arrested. Anthony contended that women already had the constitutional right to vote. The court disagreed in  United States v. Susan B. Anthony. She was fined $100 for voting and refused to pay. 6. She Was the First Real Woman Depicted on U.S. Currency While other female figures like Lady Liberty had been on the currency before, the 1979 dollar featuring Susan B. Anthony was the first time a real, historical woman appeared on any U.S. currency.  These dollars were only minted from 1979 through 1981 when production was halted because the dollars were easily confused with quarters. The coin was minted again in 1999 to meet demand from the vending machine industry. 7. She Had Little Patience for Traditional Christianity Originally a Quaker, with a maternal grandfather who had been a Universalist, Susan B. Anthony became more active with the Unitarians later. She, like many of her time, flirted with Spiritualism, a belief that spirits were part of the natural world and thus could be communicated with.  She kept her religious ideas mostly private, though she defended the publication of  The Woman’s Bible  and criticized religious institutions and teachings that portrayed women as inferior or subordinate. Claims that she was an atheist are usually based on her critique of religious institutions and religion as practiced.  She defended the right of Ernestine Rose to be president of the National Women’s Rights Convention in 1854, though many called Rose, a Jew married to a Christian, an atheist, probably accurately. Anthony said about that controversy that â€Å"every religion - or none - should have an equal right on the platform.† She also wrote, â€Å"I distrust those people who know so well what God wants them to do because I notice it always coincides with their own desires.† At another time, she wrote, â€Å"I shall earnestly and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical recognition of the old Revolutionary maxim. Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God.† Whether she was an atheist, or just believed in a different idea of God than some of her evangelical opponents, is not certain. 8. Frederick Douglass Was a Lifelong Friend Though they split over the issue of the priority of black male suffrage in the 1860s - a split which also split the feminist movement until 1890 - Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass were lifelong friends. They knew each other from early days in Rochester, where in the 1840s and 1850s, he was part of the anti-slavery circle that Susan and her family were part of. On the day Douglass died, he had sat next to Anthony on the platform of a women’s rights meeting in Washington, D.C. During the split over the 15th Amendment’s granting of suffrage rights to black males, Douglass tried to influence Anthony to support the ratification. Anthony, appalled that the Amendment would introduce the word â€Å"male† into the Constitution for the first time, disagreed. 9. Her Earliest Known Anthony Ancestor Was German Susan B. Anthony’s Anthony ancestors came to America via England in 1634. The Anthonys had been a prominent and well-educated family. The English Anthonys were descended from a William Anthony in Germany who was an engraver. He served as Chief Engraver of the Royal Mint during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. 10. Her Maternal Grandfather Fought in the American Revolution Daniel Read enlisted in the Continental Army after the battle of Lexington, served under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen among other commanders, and after the war was elected as a Whig to the Massachusetts legislature. He became a Universalist, though his wife kept praying he would return to traditional Christianity. 11. Her Position on Abortion Is Misrepresented While Anthony, like other leading women of her time, deplored abortion both as â€Å"child-murder† and as a threat to the life of women under then-current medical practice, she blamed men as responsible for women’s decisions to end their pregnancies. An often-used quote about child-murder was part of an editorial asserting that laws attempting to punish women for having abortions would be unlikely to suppress abortions, and asserting that many women seeking abortions were doing so out of desperation, not casually. She also asserted that â€Å"forced maternity† within legal marriage - because husbands were not seeing their wives as having a right to their own bodies and selves - was another outrage. 12. She May Have Had Lesbian Relationships Anthony lived at a time when the concept of â€Å"lesbian† hadn’t really surfaced. It’s hard to differentiate whether â€Å"romantic friendships† and â€Å"Boston marriages† of the time would have been considered lesbian relationships today. Anthony lived for many of her adult years with her sister Mary. Women (and men) wrote in more romantic terms of friendships than we do today, so when Susan B. Anthony, in a letter, wrote that she â€Å"shall go to Chicago and visit my new lover - dear Mrs. Gross† it’s hard to know what she really meant. Clearly, there were very strong emotional bonds between Anthony and some other women. As Lillian Falderman documents in the controversial  To Believe in Women, Anthony also wrote of her distress when fellow feminists got married to men or had children, and wrote in very flirtatious ways - including invitations to share her bed. Her niece Lucy Anthony was a life partner of suffrage leader and Methodist minister Anna Howard Shaw, so such relationships were not foreign to her experience. Faderman suggests that Susan B. Anthony may have had relationships with Anna Dickinson, Rachel Avery, and Emily Gross at different times in her life. There are photos of Emily Gross and Anthony together, and even a statue of the two created in 1896.  Unlike others in her circle, however, her relationships with women never had the permanence of a â€Å"Boston marriage.† We really can’t know for sure if the relationships were what we’d today call lesbian relationships, but we do know that the idea that Anthony was a lonely single woman is not at all the full story. She had rich friendships with her female friends. She had some real friendships with men, as well, though those letters are not so flirtatious. 13. A Ship Named for Susan B. Anthony Holds a World’s Record In 1942, a ship was named for Susan B. Anthony. Constructed in 1930 and called the  Santa Clara  until the Navy chartered it on August 7, 1942, the ship became one of very few named for a woman. It was commissioned in September and became a transport ship carrying troops and equipment for the Allied invasion of North Africa in October and November. It made three voyages from the U.S. coast to North Africa. After landing troops and equipment in Sicily in July 1943 as part of the Allied invasion of Sicily, it took heavy enemy aircraft fire and bombings and shot down two of the enemy bombers. Returning to the United States, it spent months taking troops and equipment to Europe in preparation for the invasion of Normandy. On June 7, 1944, it struck a mine off of Normandy. After failed attempts to save it, the troops and crew were evacuated and the  Susan B. Anthony  sank. As of the year 2015, this was the largest rescue on record of people from a ship without any loss of life. 14. The B Stands for Brownell Anthonys parents gave Susan the middle name Brownell.  Simeon Brownell (born 1821) was another Quaker abolitionist who supported Anthonys womens rights work, and his family may have been related to or friends with Anthonys parents. 15. The Law Giving Women the Vote Was Called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment Anthony died in 1906, so the continuing struggle to win the vote honored her memory with this name for the proposed 19th Constitutional Amendment. Sources Anderson, Bonnie S. The Rabbis Atheist Daughter: Ernestine Rose, International Feminist Pioneer. 1st Edition, Oxford University Press, January 2, 2017. Falderman, Lillian. To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America - A History. Kindle Edition, Mariner Books, Movember 1, 2017. Rhodes, Jesse. Happy Birthday, Susan B. Anthony. Smithsonian, February 15, 2011. Schiff, Stacy. Desperately Seeking Susan. The New York Times, October 13, 2006. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. History of Woman Suffrage. Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Kindle Edition, GIANLUCA, November 29, 2017.